20 Passive Income Ideas for Beginners: Unlock Financial Freedom Today

Looking to make some extra money without putting in endless hours of work? You’ve come to the right place!

Passive income is a fantastic way for beginners to start earning money in their spare time while focusing on other responsibilities.

Whether you’re thinking about investing a little or exploring creative ventures, the possibilities are endless.

Various sources of passive income: rental properties, dividend stocks, affiliate marketing, online courses, and e-books. A laptop, books, real estate sign, stock certificates, and marketing materials displayed on a desk

I’m excited to share some of the best passive income ideas that are perfect for those just starting out.

From low-risk investments to unique online opportunities, there’s something for everyone.

Dive in and discover how you can create a steady stream of income without the constant grind.

1) Renting out a Room

A cozy room with a comfortable bed, desk, and chair. A sign on the door reads "Room for Rent." Sunlight streams in through the window, casting a warm glow on the space

I was thrilled when I discovered that renting out a room can be an easy way to earn passive income.

Imagine the excitement of turning a spare room into a money-making opportunity! You could list your room on platforms like Airbnb or even advertise locally.

Think about the possibilities!

Meeting new people from different parts of the world, all while making extra money.

I loved the idea of hosting guests during peak travel seasons. Cities with high tourist traffic are perfect for this.

Safety and comfort are top priorities.

I decided to spruce up the room with some fresh paint and stylish decor. Ensuring that guests feel comfortable can lead to great reviews and repeat bookings.

I also made sure to outline clear house rules to avoid any misunderstandings. This made the whole experience smoother.

Having a streamlined check-in and check-out process was a game-changer.

I can’t stress enough the importance of good communication.

Prompt responses to inquiries and being helpful go a long way in ensuring a good experience for both me and my guests.

2) Selling Digital Products

A laptop displaying various digital products with a "20 passive income ideas for beginners" title. A stack of money and a chart showing growth in the background

I’m thrilled about selling digital products because it’s a fantastic way to earn passive income.

Digital products don’t need to be shipped or stored, making them incredibly convenient. You create and upload them, and then they’re ready for instant download by your customers.

Ebooks are a popular choice. If you enjoy writing, you can share your knowledge or stories. Platforms like Amazon Kindle Direct Publishing make it easy to get started.

There are also online courses.

Share your skills on sites like Udemy or Teachable. It’s a great way to teach others and make money while you sleep.

Another great option is printables. These can be anything from planners to art prints. Selling on Etsy or through your own website can reach a wide audience.

Templates are useful too.

People need templates for presentations, resumes, and social media posts. They save time and can be sold repeatedly.

Don’t forget about music and audio files.

If you can create relaxing sounds or beats, you can sell them online. Platforms like AudioJungle are perfect for this.

Selling digital products is exciting because of the freedom and potential income it brings.

3) Creating an Online Course

A laptop with a blank screen surrounded by various objects related to passive income ideas such as books, money, a lightbulb, and a notepad

I’m really excited about the idea of creating an online course! It’s a fantastic way to share your knowledge and make passive income.

Think about something you’re good at or love doing. It could be anything from photography to cooking to coding. The possibilities are endless!

By using a platform like Thinkific, you can turn your skills into a course.

You create the content once, and students can enrol anytime, providing a steady income stream.

Creating a course might seem daunting, but it’s simpler than you think.

Start by outlining your course modules. Break down the information into small, digestible chunks.

Once your content is ready, recording videos is the next step. You don’t need professional equipment; a good smartphone and a quiet space will do.

Next, upload your videos and add supporting materials like quizzes or worksheets. These resources help students engage and learn better.

Marketing your course is crucial.

Use social media, blogs, or email newsletters to spread the word. Partner with bloggers or influencers to reach a wider audience.

Creating an online course is not only rewarding but also a great way to build your personal brand.

It’s amazing how sharing what you love can generate income!

4) Investing in Dividend Stocks

A stack of dividend stock certificates surrounded by growing money plants and a calendar marking regular payout dates

I absolutely love investing in dividend stocks! It’s one of the easiest ways to earn money while you sleep.

Dividend stocks are shares in companies that pay you a portion of their profits regularly. This could be monthly, quarterly, or even annually.

Picking the right stocks is crucial.

Some companies have a long history of paying dividends. For instance, Brown & Brown, Inc. is one example of a reliable dividend stock with a yield of 0.77%.

Another good option can be found by exploring the SPDR Portfolio S&P 500 High Dividend ETF.

This ETF includes 80 S&P 500 companies known for their high dividend payouts. It’s like getting a basket of quality stocks in one go!

Apple is a company that might have a low dividend yield at 0.52%, but its steady dividend growth of nearly 20% over three years makes it an attractive choice.

Investing in dividend stocks means you’re not only looking at immediate yields but also at long-term growth.

I find it exciting to keep a mix of stable and growing dividend stocks. It’s a strategy that can provide both immediate income and potential gains in the future.

Remember, research is key.

Look at the company’s financial health, dividend history, and growth potential before making any decisions.

Investing in dividend stocks can be one of the most rewarding ways to build passive income over time.

5) Peer-to-Peer Lending

A group of individuals exchanging money and documents, representing peer-to-peer lending. Various financial symbols and charts in the background

I find peer-to-peer (P2P) lending an exciting way to earn passive income.

By lending money directly to individuals or businesses, I can earn interest on my investments. It feels empowering to know I am helping someone while also making money.

One of the best parts about P2P lending is its accessibility.

I can start with a small amount, sometimes as little as £25. This makes it suitable for beginners like me who are just getting started with investing.

Platforms like Funding Circle and Zopa allow me to diversify my investments.

This means I don’t have to worry too much if one borrower defaults. My risk is spread across different loans, making it a bit safer.

I appreciate that the process is straightforward.

I review potential borrowers, choose who I want to lend to, and set the interest rate. Once the loan is funded, I receive monthly payments, which include both principal and interest.

The potential returns are higher compared to traditional savings accounts.

This makes P2P lending an attractive option for those of us seeking better returns on our investments.

But, like all investments, it carries some risk, so I always make sure to do my research and only invest what I can afford to lose.

I believe peer-to-peer lending offers a unique and rewarding way to earn passive income.

There’s something quite satisfying about watching my money grow while helping others achieve their financial goals.

If you’re looking for a way to diversify your income streams, I highly recommend giving it a try amidst other passive income ideas.

6) Starting a Blog

A laptop open on a desk with a cup of coffee, a notebook, and a pen. A window shows a sunny day outside. An open book on passive income ideas is next to the laptop

I love starting a blog as a passive income idea. It’s a fun way to share my passions with the world.

First, I choose a niche that interests me. This could be anything from cooking to travel.

Next, I set up a website using a platform like WordPress or Wix. They make it simple to design a professional-looking site. I pick a catchy domain name that reflects my blog’s theme.

Once my blog is live, I focus on creating quality content.

I write about topics I’m passionate about and that my readers will find useful. I also make sure to post regularly to keep my audience engaged.

To make money, I can use affiliate marketing.

This means I get paid a commission whenever someone buys a product through a link on my blog. I can also place ads on my site or write sponsored posts.

Joining advertising networks like Google AdSense helps me earn from ads on my blog.

The more traffic my blog gets, the more I can earn.

Lastly, I promote my blog using social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram to attract more readers.

Starting a blog takes time and effort, but it’s an exciting journey.

It’s a fantastic way to generate passive income while sharing my interests and knowledge with the world.

7) Dropshipping

A laptop surrounded by various products, a globe, and a stack of money, with the words "Dropshipping 20 passive income ideas for beginners" displayed on the screen

I’m really excited about dropshipping! It’s a great way to earn passive income.

I don’t need to handle any products myself. Instead, I partner with suppliers who ship directly to my customers.

Starting a dropshipping store is quite simple.

I set up an online store, choose products to sell, and list them on my website.

When someone makes a purchase, I place an order with the supplier who ships it to the customer.

One big advantage is that I don’t need to buy inventory upfront. This reduces my initial costs and financial risk.

Plus, I can offer a wide range of products without worrying about storage.

Marketing is key in dropshipping. I need to drive traffic to my store through social media, search engine optimisation, or paid ads.

Effective marketing means more sales and more income.

There are expenses to consider, like marketing costs, payment processor fees, and platform fees.

These can affect my profit margins, so it’s crucial to manage them carefully.

Many successful dropshippers share their stories about earning significant monthly incomes. It’s inspiring to see what’s possible with dedication and the right strategies.

This method is perfect for those looking to start a business with minimal risk and effort.

For more information on starting a dropshipping business, you can check out Shopify’s guide.

8) Affiliate Marketing

A table with a laptop, notebook, and pen. A stack of books on affiliate marketing. A chart showing passive income ideas

Affiliate marketing has been a game-changer for me! It’s all about promoting products and earning a commission on sales made through my referral links.

I don’t need to create my own products, which makes it super easy to get started.

I can do affiliate marketing through a blog, YouTube channel, social media, or even an email newsletter.

The key is building an audience that trusts my recommendations. So, I always choose products or services that I genuinely believe in.

The best part? Once my links are out there, they keep working for me. I can earn money while I sleep!

It’s like having a 24/7 salesperson working on my behalf.

Affiliate programmes are available for almost any niche. Whether I’m into tech gadgets, fashion, fitness, or even books, there’s something for everyone.

It’s important to join reputable affiliate networks.

Some popular ones are Amazon Associates, ShareASale, and ClickBank. They track all the clicks and sales, ensuring I get paid correctly.

I’m careful to follow each programme’s rules and disclose my affiliate relationships to my audience.

Transparency builds trust and ensures long-term success.

Affiliate marketing is fantastic for generating passive income. The potential is limitless, especially as my audience grows.

Getting started is as easy as signing up and sharing my unique links.

9) Publishing an eBook

A stack of books with "20 Passive Income Ideas for Beginners" on the cover, surrounded by money symbols and various passive income sources like real estate, stocks, and online businesses

Publishing an eBook is an amazing way to create passive income. Imagine earning money even while you sleep – sounds like a dream, right?

I find writing an eBook exciting because you get to share your knowledge or stories with the world.

First, pick a topic you’re passionate about. It could be anything from how-to guides to thrilling fiction.

Next, outline your book. This helps structure your ideas and makes the writing process smoother.

I’ve found that having a clear plan keeps me motivated and on track.

Once written, editing is crucial. Consider hiring a professional editor or using editing software.

Editing ensures your book is polished and ready for readers.

Design an eye-catching cover. A good cover can attract more readers. You can hire a graphic designer or use online tools to create one.

Then, choose a platform to publish your eBook.

Platforms like Amazon Kindle Direct Publishing (KDP) or Smashwords are popular choices. They make it easy to reach a global audience.

Marketing is key. Share your eBook on social media, blogs, and with friends and family. Offering a free chapter can entice readers to buy.

Publishing an eBook can be a rewarding venture. With the right effort, your eBook could become a popular source of passive income.

10) Creating a YouTube Channel

A laptop displaying "20 Passive Income Ideas for Beginners" with a YouTube logo in the background. A notebook and pen sit nearby

I’m thrilled to talk about starting a YouTube channel. It’s one of the best ways to earn passive income while sharing content you love.

You don’t need fancy equipment to start; even a smartphone camera can work wonders.

First, I chose a niche that I’m passionate about. Whether it’s gaming, cooking, or beauty tips, focusing on my interests keeps the process enjoyable.

I planned my content ahead, making sure to have a consistent upload schedule. This helps in building a loyal audience.

I also engaged with viewers by replying to comments, which makes them feel valued.

The great thing about YouTube is the variety of ways to monetise.

From YouTube ad revenue to affiliate marketing, the opportunities are endless. Sponsorship deals can also be a significant income source.

Creating playlists and optimising video titles and descriptions with keywords helps in getting more views.

I learnt to make eye-catching thumbnails since they are crucial for attracting clicks.

Lastly, promoting my videos on social media increased visibility.

Consistency and patience are key, but the journey is incredibly rewarding.

11) Selling Stock Photos

A laptop on a desk with a camera, pen, and notepad. A stack of printed photos with a "for sale" sign. A graph showing increasing passive income

I’ve discovered that selling stock photos is a fantastic way to earn passive income! All I need is a camera and some creativity.

Bloggers, companies, and media agencies always need fresh images for their websites and advertising.

One of my favourite platforms to use is Shutterstock. It’s user-friendly and has a massive customer base.

Another great option is Getty Images, which is another big name in the industry.

I can upload my best snaps, and they’re available for customers to purchase.

It’s exciting when someone buys a photo I’ve taken. It makes me feel like my work is appreciated. Plus, the earnings can add up over time!

If I want to reach even more people, Print on Demand services are perfect.

I can sell my photos on physical items like mugs, t-shirts, and posters. It’s a brilliant way to promote my work while earning extra money.

It can take some time to build up a portfolio and start earning significant income.

According to Shotkit, some photographers have managed to make £200-£300 in a couple of years. Patience is key!

12) Participating in Market Research

Various products displayed on tables, people answering surveys, a researcher taking notes, and a sign reading "20 Passive Income Ideas for Beginners" at a market research event

I love participating in market research! It’s an easy and fun way to earn some extra cash.

Companies value my opinion and are willing to pay for it.

I can take online surveys, join focus groups, or test products. Each of these activities earns me money or gift cards.

Market research isn’t just about answering questions. I sometimes get to test new products before they hit the shelves.

Online surveys are the most accessible.

I can fill them out while watching TV or waiting for the bus. Some surveys pay more than others, depending on the length and topic.

Focus groups are a bit more involved. They usually require me to join a discussion with other people about a product or service.

These sessions can be both in-person or online and typically pay well.

Product testing is the most exciting. I get to try new gadgets, snacks, or beauty products.

After providing my feedback, I often get to keep the products.

Several websites connect me with these opportunities.

Platforms like Swagbucks, Vindale Research, and Pinecone Research are a few popular ones. Signing up is usually free and straightforward.

13) Buy-to-Let Property

A cozy rental property with a "For Rent" sign, surrounded by greenery and a peaceful neighborhood. The property exudes a sense of potential passive income for beginners

I find buy-to-let property a fascinating way to generate passive income! It’s about purchasing a property to rent it out to tenants.

This method can provide a steady stream of monthly rental income. The initial investment can be substantial, but once the property is rented, it can start bringing in money regularly. If the market conditions are right, the property might also increase in value.

I’ve seen people buy apartments, condos, houses, and even commercial real estate. Each type of property offers different opportunities and challenges.

For instance, residential properties can attract long-term tenants, while commercial properties might bring in higher rent.

One interesting point is the option to purchase properties already tenanted. Websites like Roofstock offer properties with existing tenants, making the process a bit easier.

You start earning rent immediately without the hassle of finding renters.

Knowing your market is crucial. Understanding the area’s rental demands, property values, and tenant expectations can make or break your investment.

It’s not only about buying property but also about managing it effectively to ensure it remains a profitable venture.

14) Print on Demand

A cozy home office with a desk, computer, and shelves filled with books on passive income ideas. A stack of printed books with "Print on Demand 20 passive income ideas for beginners" on the cover sits on the desk

I’m excited to share with you the wonderful world of Print on Demand (POD). It’s an easy and fun way to create passive income!

With POD, you can open an online store and sell custom products without worrying about inventory. The print provider handles printing, packaging, and shipping.

You can create unique designs, from T-shirts to mugs, and sell them online. Starting is simple. Choose a platform like Printify or Printful, and connect it to your online store.

One of the best things about POD is the low risk. You don’t need to invest in stock or worry about unsold items. You only pay for the product once a customer orders it.

POD’s popularity is growing. The industry is expected to expand by 25.8% annually, offering a fantastic opportunity for beginners to jump in. Unique niches, like combining interests (think “Beards and Cats”), can set your store apart.

Making money with POD can take time, especially if you don’t already have an audience. But with effort and creativity, it’s possible to turn this into a profitable venture.

If you’re interested, check out this guide on making money with print on demand.

15) Investing in Real Estate Crowdfunding

I’m really excited to share this passive income idea with you. Investing in real estate crowdfunding is a great way to diversify your portfolio and start earning money from property without the hassle of owning it directly.

Platforms like Fundrise and RealtyMogul let you invest small amounts of money into large real estate projects. Fundrise, for instance, allows you to start with just $10 and has financed over $7 billion in commercial real estate. Imagine earning dividend income from such a small initial investment!

Crowdstreet is another platform that’s worth mentioning. It has a track record of about 18.3% returns, and you can invest in various property types. This way, you get to spread out the risk and maximise your potential earnings.

What I love about real estate crowdfunding is how simple it makes real estate investment. You don’t have to deal with tenants or maintenance issues.

Platforms like AcreTrader and EquityMultiple do the heavy lifting, and all you need to do is sit back and watch your investment grow.

Getting started is easy. Most platforms have user-friendly websites where you can sign up, choose your investments, and track your returns.

It’s a hassle-free way to get into real estate and start building a passive income stream.

16) Building an App

Building an app is one of the most exciting ways to generate passive income! I get to transform my brilliant idea into a digital product that works for me 24/7.

With countless app markets like Apple Store and Google Play, there are endless possibilities.

I can start by identifying a common problem and think of an app that solves it. Once I have my idea, I could use app development tools or hire a developer.

It’s important to create a user-friendly interface and add features that make the app appealing.

After building the app, I can monetise it through ads, in-app purchases, or a subscription model. It’s also crucial to promote my app on social media, websites, and even through friends to get the word out.

Regular updates and good customer support can keep users happy and coming back. By keeping my app relevant, I can ensure a steady stream of passive income.

If I’m willing to put in the initial effort, building an app can be a lucrative and enjoyable venture.

17) Automated Forex Trading

I find automated forex trading super exciting! Imagine making money while you sleep. That’s what these automated systems can do. They trade 24/7 without any emotional interference, which means they can stick to strategies much better than I ever could.

One of my favourite bots is Forex Gump EA. It’s been impressive, generating over 2000% return after trading live for two years. It trades nine currency pairs on the M1 timeframe. You can start with as little as $40 for a micro account, perfect for beginners. Find more about it here.

These systems are helpful for making passive income. They can backtest strategies, so I can see how they would have performed in the past. This feature really helps in tweaking and optimising trades. I feel way more confident when I know my strategy has solid historical data backing it up.

Using automated systems has another perk. These bots are free from human biases and errors. They follow the set rules strictly, which helps in achieving consistency. I used to struggle with sticking to my trading plan, but

18) Creating a Membership Site

Creating a membership site is an exciting way to earn passive income! Imagine having a community of subscribers who pay a recurring fee for exclusive content.

First, pick a niche you’re passionate about. It could be anything from fitness tips to baking tutorials. The key is to offer something valuable that people can’t easily find elsewhere.

Next, set up a user-friendly website. You’ll need good hosting and a platform like WordPress with membership plugins. This makes it easy to manage subscriptions and content.

Create engaging content. This can be articles, videos, downloadable resources, or even live Q&A sessions. The goal is to keep your members coming back for more.

Promote your site! Use social media, email marketing, and SEO to attract new members. The more value you provide, the easier it will be to grow your membership.

One of the best parts about a membership site is the recurring revenue. Each month, you have a steady income from your subscribers. This allows you to focus on creating even more high-quality content.

If you’re looking for inspiration, check out this guide on different passive income ideas. It’s never been easier to share your passion and earn money from it!

19) Selling Handmade Crafts

I absolutely love making and selling handmade crafts. It’s not only creative but also profitable. There are so many different crafts you can create and sell.

For instance, wire jewellery is a fantastic option. Wire is pretty cheap, and you can make stunning designs with it. It’s a great way to turn a small investment into profit.

Another idea is using a Cricut Machine. These machines are super handy for crafting. You can make and sell SVG cut files, signs, quotes, and more. Creating tutorials with your designs can also bring in extra money. It’s so fun to see people enjoying the crafts I make!

If you prefer digital products, selling printable art on Etsy is a brilliant option. Customers can instantly download these and use them for wall art or greeting cards. Once you create the digital file, you can sell it over and over again.

Additionally, platforms like eBay offer vast exposure. Even though it’s not exclusively for crafts, it’s a good place to reach more buyers. This way, you can sell your crafts to a broader audience.

20) Offering Virtual Assistance

I can’t wait to share how offering virtual assistance can be an easy way to earn passive income! Imagine helping small businesses or busy professionals with their tasks right from your laptop.

When I started, I found it fun to create templates and eBooks for clients. These tools save you time and can be sold repeatedly.

Managing social media is another option. You schedule posts and content ahead of time. It’s a great opportunity to showcase your creativity while supporting businesses.

Setting up an online course or membership site can also be a brilliant way to earn. I recommend starting with a small, affordable product that appeals to your audience.

Creating how-to guides or video tutorials can provide continuous income. People are always looking for solutions to their problems, and you could be the one to provide it.

You can also collaborate with brands for paid posts. Although it’s not entirely passive, it does add value to your overall effort. Using platforms like Tribe can help you get started.

By setting up an organised to-do list and long-term project plan, you can manage your time efficiently and keep your clients happy. This makes the whole process smooth and enjoyable.

Understanding Passive Income

Let’s dive into what passive income truly means and why it’s beneficial. We’ll discuss the concept and highlight its advantages.

What Is Passive Income?

Passive income is money you earn with minimal day-to-day effort. This can come from investments, royalties, or businesses where you’re not actively involved.

Think of it as earnings from rental properties, dividends from stocks, or interest from a high-yield savings account. The idea is to set up a system or investment that generates money on its own over time.

For example, investing in rental properties or starting an online course that continues selling without further input from you.

Having these income streams doesn’t mean zero work, though. Initially, it often requires significant effort, time, and sometimes money. But once set up, the income flows in with minimal ongoing work.

The Benefits of Passive Income

One of the biggest benefits of passive income is financial freedom. It allows me to earn money while focusing on other pursuits.

Whether it’s starting a new project, travelling, or even just spending more time with family and friends.

Another significant benefit is diversification. By building multiple income streams, I reduce my financial risk.

If one source dries up, others keep the income flowing.

There’s also the potential for significant wealth accumulation. Over time, passive income streams can compound, leading to substantial earnings.

Whether it’s through interest on savings, rental income, or business profits, the key is consistency and patience.

Setting Up Your First Passive Income Streams

Starting your passive income journey involves selecting the right platform and understanding your initial investment options. Here’s how to make your first steps count.

Choosing the Right Platform

Choosing the right platform is essential for setting up passive income streams. Different platforms are suitable for different income ideas.

For instance, if you’re interested in investing, you might consider using platforms like SoFi, which offers various investment options.

If you prefer creating and selling products, a print-on-demand store could be a great fit. Websites like Oberlo allow you to sell customised products without managing inventory.

Renting out assets is another excellent option. Using a platform like Turo to rent out your car can generate a significant return.

When evaluating platforms, consider user reviews, fees, and ease of use.

Many platforms offer tutorials and support to get you started.

Make sure to choose a platform that aligns with your skills and interest to stay motivated.

Initial Investment Considerations

Before setting up any passive income stream, consider your initial investment. Some options require more upfront capital than others.

For example, investing in real estate or setting up a high-quality online business can be expensive but potentially rewarding.

For those with limited funds, options like creating digital products or content can be more accessible.

Funding small businesses through platforms mentioned in This Online World is another cost-effective way to start.

Consider how much time and money you are willing to invest before choosing a passive income stream.

Be aware of associated risks and conduct thorough research.

Diversifying your investments can also mitigate risks and increase your chances of success.

Always plan accordingly and ensure you have a safety net in place before making substantial investments.

Maintaining and Growing Your Income

Maintaining and growing your passive income requires careful attention and strategic reinvestment of profits. By tracking your ventures and wisely reinvesting, you can maximise returns and ensure steady growth.

Tracking Performance

The first step in maintaining your passive income is to track your performance regularly.

I check my income streams at least once a month to see how well they are doing. It’s essential to look at key metrics such as return on investment (ROI), growth rate, and any associated costs.

Creating a simple spreadsheet can be incredibly helpful. You can list each income source, the amount invested, the monthly returns, and any changes over time.

This allows me to quickly identify what’s working and what isn’t.

It’s also beneficial to set specific goals and compare your performance against them.

For example, if I aim for a 10% annual return from my investments, tracking helps to see if I’m on target. If not, I can then make informed decisions about where to adjust.

Reinvesting Profits

Reinvesting your profits is crucial for growing your income streams. Instead of spending the returns, I find ways to put that money back to work.

For instance, I might use profits from rental properties to purchase additional units or improve existing ones.

Diversification is another key strategy. By reinvesting in different types of passive income ideas, I spread out the risk.

If one stream falters, others may continue to perform well, giving me a safety net.

It’s also wise to keep an eye on emerging opportunities.

The financial world is always changing, and new opportunities can offer higher returns.

By staying informed, I can reinvest profits in areas with the most potential for growth.

Maintaining and growing passive income takes some effort, but it’s incredibly rewarding.

By tracking performance and reinvesting wisely, I can build sustainable and increasing income streams.